Nervous tissue: structure, functions

Fabrics

Textile

– a collection of cells and intercellular substance that have a common structure, function and origin.

Epithelial tissue

Functions

• Borderline (outer layer of skin, inner layer of respiratory tract, lungs, stomach, intestines).
• Secretion of substances (glands).

Features of the structure:

• The cells are tightly adjacent to each other, there is little intercellular substance.
• Cells divide very quickly, due to this, damage to the epithelium is quickly healed.

Connective tissue

Functions

• Nutritional (blood, adipose tissue)
• Supporting (bone, cartilage, connective tissue membrane of all organs).

Features of the structure:

there is a lot of intercellular substance.

Muscle

Functions:

excitability and contractility.

Nervous tissue

Functions:

excitability and conductivity.

The main cells of nervous tissue are neurons

– consist of a body and processes. There are two types of shoots:

• dendrites – short, branched, accept excitation;
• the axon is long, unbranched, and transmits excitation.

In addition to neurons, there are also satellite cells

(neuroglia), there are 10 times more of them than neurons, they perform a nutritional, supporting and protective function.

Axons may be coated with a white, fat-like substance called myelin, which speeds up the conduction of nerve impulses. The accumulation of such axons forms white matter

nervous system.
Satellite cells, neuronal cell bodies, and dendrites form the gray matter
.

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DETAILED SUMMARY: Epithelial and connective tissue, Muscle tissue, Nervous tissue

ASSIGNMENTS OF PART 2 OF THE USE ON THIS TOPIC

Part 1 tasks

Choose one, the most correct option. What functions do satellite cells perform in nervous tissue?

1) the occurrence of excitation and its conduction along nerve fibers 2) nutritional, supportive and protective 3) transmission of nerve impulses from neuron to neuron 4) constant renewal of nervous tissue

Answer

2

Choose one, the most correct option. Changes in the diameter of blood vessels occur due to tissue

1) epithelial 2) connective 3) smooth muscle 4) striated muscle

Answer

3

Choose one, the most correct option. Changes in the lumen of arteries occur in humans due to tissue

1) epithelial 2) connective 3) smooth muscle 4) striated muscle

Answer

3

Choose one, the most correct option. Gray matter in the human brain and spinal cord is formed

1) bodies of sensory neurons 2) long processes of motor neurons 3) long processes of sensory neurons 4) bodies of motor and interneurons

Answer

4

EPITHELIAL Choose three correct answers out of six and write down the numbers under which they are indicated. Human epithelial tissue

1) line hollow organs from the inside 2) are able to contract 3) are able to be excited 4) contain little intercellular substance 5) cells have a myelin sheath 6) form glands

Answer

146

EPITHELIA EXCEPT FIGURE 1. The features listed below, except two, are used to describe the structure and function of the cells depicted. Identify two characteristics that “drop out” from the general list and write down the numbers under which they are indicated.

1) are eukaryotic 2) contain cell walls 3) form epithelial tissue 4) somatic cells are haploid 5) capable of mitosis

Answer

24

2. All but two of the characteristics listed below are used to describe the fabric shown in the illustration. Identify two terms that “fall out” from the general list and write down the numbers under which they are indicated.

1) Tissue cells are pressed tightly against each other. 2) The fabric performs a transport function. 3) Cells line the mucous membranes of organs. 4) The tissue forms smooth muscles. 5) The tissue forms various glands.

Answer

24

Look at the picture, identify (A) the type of tissue, (B) the type of tissue, and (C) the location of this tissue in the human body. For each letter, select the corresponding term from the list provided.

1) connective 2) epithelial 3) striated muscle 4) smooth muscle 5) ciliated epithelium 6) stratified epithelium 7) mucous membrane of the nasal cavity inner surface of the stomach

Answer

257

Look at the picture of human tissue and identify (A) the name, (B) the characteristic, and (C) the location in the body of that type of tissue. For each letter, select the corresponding term or concept from the list provided.

1) elongated cells capable of contraction 2) a large amount of intercellular substance 3) tightly closed cells with a basement membrane 4) skin surface 5) outer membrane of a blood vessel 6) connective 7) muscle epithelial

Answer

834

Establish a correspondence between the characteristics and types of human tissue: 1) squamous epithelium, 2) glandular epithelium, 3) ciliated epithelium. Write numbers 1-3 in the order corresponding to the letters.

A) cells produce secretions B) cells fit tightly together C) cells with numerous hairs D) cleanses the respiratory tract E) provides gas exchange E) performs a secretory function

Answer

213312

EPITHELIAL - CONNECTIVE 1. Establish a correspondence between the characteristics of human tissue and its type: 1) epithelial, 2) connective. Write numbers 1 and 2 in the correct order.

A) transports substances in the body B) performs the function of support and nutrition C) forms the epidermis of the skin D) produces antibodies E) consists of closely adjacent cells E) contains a lot of intercellular substance

Answer

221212

2. Establish a correspondence between the characteristics of the tissue and its type: 1) epithelial, 2) connective. Write numbers 1 and 2 in the correct order.

A) intercellular substance is practically absent B) performs nutritional and supporting functions C) lines the inside of the intestinal cavity and other organs D) forms subcutaneous fatty tissue E) is a component (part) of the internal environment of the body

Answer

12122

3. Establish a correspondence between the characteristics of human tissue and its type: 1) epithelial, 2) connective.

A) consists of cells tightly adjacent to each other B) contains a lot of intercellular substance C) forms sweat glands D) ensures the transport of gases E) forms the surface layer of the skin E) performs supporting and mechanical functions

Answer

121212

4. Establish a correspondence between the characteristics of human tissue and its type: 1) epithelial, 2) connective.

A) consists of cells tightly adjacent to each other B) consists of loosely arranged cells C) contains liquid or solid intercellular substance D) forms nails and hair E) provides communication between organs

Answer

12212

5. Establish a correspondence between the characteristics of the tissue and its type: 1) epithelial, 2) connective.

A) transport of substances in the body B) close adherence of cells to each other C) abundance of intercellular substance D) release of enzymes and hormones E) participation in the formation of skin

Answer

21211

6. Establish a correspondence between the characteristics of human tissue and its type: 1) Epithelial, 2) Connective. Write numbers 1 and 2 in the correct order.

A) the cells are tightly adjacent to each other B) the cells can be flat, cubic, cylindrical C) the tissue can be ciliated, glandular, keratinizing D) the tissue is of mesodermal origin E) the tissue can be liquid and solid E) the intercellular substance is well developed

Answer

111222

7. Establish a correspondence between the function of tissue in the human body and its type: 1) epithelial, 2) connective. Write numbers 1 and 2 in the order corresponding to the letters.

A) movement of substances in the body B) production of hormones C) production of phagocytes D) metabolism between the body and the external environment E) deposition of nutrients into reserve

Answer

21212

COLLECTING A) may contain cells with cilia B) forms secretory cells of glands C) forms a deep layer of skin (dermis)

EPITHELIAL - NERVOUS Establish a correspondence between the characteristics and types of tissues: 1) epithelial, 2) nervous. Write numbers 1 and 2 in the order corresponding to the letters.

A) most cells have numerous processes B) cells unite and form layers C) cells are capable of conducting an electrical impulse D) cells can have numerous villi E) cells have a high ability to regenerate E) mature cells are not capable of division

Answer

212112

EPITHELIAL - CONNECTIVE - MUSCULAR Establish a correspondence between the characteristics of the tissue and the type of tissue that has this characteristic: 1) epithelial, 2) connective, 3) muscle. Write the numbers 1, 2 and 3 in the correct order.

A) consists of mononuclear and multinucleate cells B) is liquid, solid, elastic C) lines the mucous membranes of organs D) forms digestive glands E) the intercellular substance is highly developed E) has excitability

Answer

321123

EPITHELIAL - CONNECTIVE - NERVOUS 1. Establish a correspondence between the characteristics and types of human tissue: 1) epithelial, 2) connective, 3) nervous. Write the numbers 1, 2 and 3 in the correct order.

A) has conductivity B) performs the function of support and nutrition C) forms the outer covering of the skin D) produces antibodies E) consists of closely adjacent cells E) forms the gray matter of the spinal cord

Answer

321213

2. Establish a correspondence between the characteristics of human tissue and its type: 1) epithelial, 2) connective, 3) nervous.

A) regulation of body movements B) storage of nutrients C) movement of substances in the body D) protection from chemical influences E) secretion of sweat

Answer

32211

3. Establish a correspondence between the functions of tissues and their type: 1) epithelial, 2) connective, 3) nervous.

A) regulation of vital processes B) storage of nutrients C) movement of substances in the body D) protection from mechanical damage E) ensuring metabolism between the body and the environment

Answer

32211

CONNECTING 1. Choose three correct answers out of six and write down the numbers under which they are indicated. What functions does connective tissue perform in the human body?

1) performs a reflex function 2) participates in the transport of oxygen from the lungs to the cells 3) ensures the constancy of the composition of the internal environment 4) produces digestive enzymes 5) forms subcutaneous fatty tissue 6) retains and removes dust particles in the nasal cavity

Answer

235

2. Select three features of connective tissue.

1) Cells adhere tightly to each other 2) There is little intercellular substance 3) Well-developed intercellular substance 4) Fills the gaps between organs 5) Cells are diverse in structure and functions

Answer

345

3. Select two features that characterize the characteristics of human connective tissue. Write down the numbers under which they are indicated.

1) the intercellular substance is well developed 2) the cells are always mononuclear 3) the cells contain the protein myosin 4) the cells contain many mitochondria 5) the tissue can be liquid

Answer

15

4. Choose three correct answers out of six and write down the numbers under which they are indicated. Connective tissue of the human body

1) is represented by blood, lymph, cartilage 2) lines the mucous membranes of the stomach, oral cavity 3) can be liquid or solid 4) has excitability and conductivity 5) has a weakly expressed intercellular substance 6) performs a transport function

Answer

136

CONNECTING FIGURE Look at the picture of human tissue and give (A) the name, (B) the characteristic, and (C) an example of that type of tissue. For each letter, select the corresponding term or concept from the list provided.

1) elongated cells capable of contraction 2) a large amount of intercellular substance 3) neuroglia 4) cartilaginous 5) smooth muscle 6) connective 7) muscle epithelial

Answer

624

CONNECTIVE - MUSCULAR 1. Establish a correspondence between the characteristics of human tissues and their types: 1) muscular, 2) connective. Write numbers 1 and 2 in the order corresponding to the letters.

A) is capable of storing fat B) some cells contain hemoglobin C) its cells are long and cross-striated D) has contractility and excitability E) the intercellular substance is well developed E) the cells are mononuclear or multinucleate

Answer

221121

2. Establish a correspondence between the characteristics and types of human tissue: 1) muscle, 2) connective. Write numbers 1 and 2 in the order corresponding to the letters.

A) capable of contractility B) contains a large amount of intercellular substance C) can be formed by multinucleated cells D) is involved in supplying organs with oxygen E) can perform a supporting function in the body E) contains myosin microfilaments

Answer

121221

CONNECTIVE - MUSCULAR - NERVOUS Establish a correspondence between the characteristics and types of human tissue: 1) muscular, 2) connective, 3) nervous. Write numbers 1-3 in the order corresponding to the letters.

A) stores fats B) serves as a support C) provides active movement D) produces antibodies E) has contractility E) forms gray and white matter

Answer

221213

BONE Choose three correct answers out of six and write down the numbers under which they are indicated. What are the features of bone tissue?

1) has a dense intercellular substance 2) contains glial cells 3) performs a transport function 4) is formed from endoderm 5) performs a supporting function 6) consists of plates

Answer

156

FIBROUS Choose three correct answers out of six and write down the numbers under which they are indicated. What features are characteristic of human fibrous connective tissue?

1) the presence of collagen 2) a large amount of intercellular substance 3) contractility 4) elasticity 5) keratin content 6) high ability to regenerate

Answer

124

BONE - CARTILAGE - BLOOD Establish a correspondence between the characteristics and types of human tissue: 1) bone, 2) blood, 3) cartilage. Write numbers 1-3 in the order corresponding to the letters.

A) ensures the constancy of the internal environment B) accumulates minerals C) performs a regulatory function D) smoothes contacting surfaces E) protects the respiratory tract from deformation E) performs a supporting function

Answer

212331

MUSCULAR Select three options. Tissues have properties of excitability and contractility

1) cardiac muscle 2) glandular epithelial 3) smooth muscle 4) nervous 5) loose connective 6) striated muscle

Answer

136

MUSCULAR - NERVOUS Establish a correspondence between the types of tissues and their characteristics: 1) muscular, 2) nervous. Write numbers 1 and 2 in the order corresponding to the letters.

A) has excitability and conductivity B) is represented by myocytes C) is capable of contracting D) is represented by neurons E) ensures the connection of organs and their coordinated work E) ensures the movement of the body and the functioning of internal organs

Answer

211221

STRIPED 1. Choose three correct answers out of six and write down the numbers under which they are indicated. What are the features of striated muscle tissue?

1) forms muscles located in the walls of internal organs 2) consists of spindle-shaped cells with one nucleus 3) forms skeletal muscles 4) consists of long multinucleated cells 5) has fibers with transverse striations 6) participates in changing the lumens of blood vessels

Answer

345

2. Choose three correct answers out of six and write down the numbers under which they are indicated. Human striated muscle tissue

1) forms the muscles of blood vessels 2) is part of the tongue, pharynx and the initial part of the esophagus 3) performs involuntary contractions 4) has motor centers in the cerebral cortex 5) is regulated by the somatic part of the nervous system 6) consists of single spindle-shaped cells

Answer

245

STRIPED RICE Choose three correct answers out of six and write down the numbers under which they are indicated in the table. What features are characteristic of the fabric shown in the picture?

1) participates in the formation of the walls of blood vessels 2) ensures the movement of the body in space 3) consists of spindle-shaped cells 4) has one nucleus per cell 5) contracts very quickly 6) is controlled by the somatic part of the nervous system

Answer

256

STRIPED RICE EXCEPT All but two of the following characteristics can be used to describe the fabric shown. Identify two characteristics that “fall out” from the general list and write down the numbers under which they are indicated.

1) the ability to contractile 2) the presence of a large number of nuclei 3) the ability to conduct aqueous solutions 4) the ability to conduct impulses 5) the presence of a well-developed intercellular substance

Answer

35

SKELETAL - CARDIAC Establish a correspondence between the structural and functional features of striated muscles and their type: 1) skeletal, 2) cardiac

A) contracts voluntarily B) consists of long fibers that do not connect to each other C) perceives impulses along a somatic reflex arc D) fibers close tightly in certain areas E) works autonomously E) is capable of contracting in all directions

Answer

111222

STRIPED - SMOOTH 1. Establish a correspondence between the characteristics of muscle tissue and its type: 1) cross-striped, 2) smooth. Write numbers 1 and 2 in the order corresponding to the letters.

A) forms skeletal muscles B) forms the middle layer of the walls of veins and arteries C) provides voluntary movements D) ensures intestinal peristalsis E) consists of spindle-shaped cells E) consists of multinucleated cells (fibers)

Answer

121221

2. Establish a correspondence between the characteristics and types of muscle tissue: 1) smooth, 2) striated. Write numbers 1 and 2 in the order corresponding to the letters.

A) capable of rapid powerful contraction B) consists of short spindle-shaped cells C) the cell contains a large number of nuclei D) myofibrils in the cell are arranged in a disorderly manner E) is part of the walls of hollow internal organs E) controlled by the somatic nervous system

Answer

212112

3. Establish a correspondence between the characteristics of human tissues and their types: 1) smooth, 2) striated. Write numbers 1 and 2 in the order corresponding to the letters.

A) represented by spindle-shaped cells B) forms the muscles of the musculoskeletal system C) consists of multinucleated elongated fibers D) contraction of protein fibers is slow E) forms the middle layer of the wall of blood vessels

Answer

12211

STRIPED - SMOOTH DIFFERENCES 1. Choose three options. Striated muscle tissue, as opposed to smooth

1) consists of multinucleated cells 2) consists of elongated cells with an oval nucleus 3) has greater speed and energy of contraction 4) forms the basis of skeletal muscles 5) is located in the walls of internal organs 6) contracts slowly, rhythmically, involuntarily

Answer

134

HEART Select three correct answers out of six and write down the numbers under which they are indicated. The human heart muscle is characterized

1) the presence of transverse striations 2) an abundance of intercellular substance 3) spontaneous rhythmic contractions 4) the presence of spindle-shaped cells 5) numerous connections between cells 6) the absence of nuclei in cells

Answer

135

CARDIAC – SMOOTH Establish a correspondence between the feature and the type of human muscle tissue for which it is characteristic: 1) smooth, 2) cardiac

A) formed by spindle-shaped cells B) cells have transverse striations C) mononuclear cells D) muscles have a high rate of contraction

Answer

1212

SMOOTH - STRIPED DIFFERENCES Choose three correct answers out of six and write down the numbers under which they are indicated. Smooth muscle tissue, as opposed to striated muscle tissue

1) consists of multinucleated cells 2) consists of elongated cells with an oval nucleus 3) has greater speed and energy of contraction 4) forms the basis of skeletal muscles 5) is located in the walls of internal organs 6) contracts slowly, rhythmically, involuntarily

Answer

256

Establish a correspondence between the characteristics and types of fabrics presented in Figures 1, 2. Write numbers 1 and 2 in the order corresponding to the letters.

A) contracts at the highest speed B) consists of spindle-shaped cells C) participates in the formation of the walls of blood vessels D) has one nucleus per cell E) contains fibers with dark and light areas E) ensures the movement of the body in space

Answer

211122

Match the characteristics and types of muscle tissue presented in the pictures. Write numbers 1-3 in the order corresponding to the letters.

A) is formed by multinucleated cells that form long fibers B) is capable of generating and conducting an electrical impulse C) consists of short spindle-shaped cells D) consists of cells with lateral processes that form contacts with each other E) is controlled by the somatic nervous system E) is located in the walls of the stomach and intestines

Answer

132312

Analyze the table “Human Muscles”. For each cell indicated by a letter, select the corresponding term or concept from the list provided.

1) autonomic nervous system 2) connective fibrous tissue 3) pericardial sac 4) somatic nervous system 5) cerebellum 6) motor centers of the cerebral cortex 7) striated skeletal cardiac wall

Answer

781

Analyze the table “Types of Muscle Tissue”. For each cell indicated by a letter, select the corresponding term from the list provided.

1) walls of large blood vessels 2) inner layer of the heart 3) organs of movement 4) flat, tightly closed cells 5) round cells with long processes 6) spindle cells 7) cardiac vascular

Answer

763

Establish a correspondence between the structure and functions of neuron processes and their name: 1) dendrite, 2) axon. Write numbers 1 and 2 in the order corresponding to the letters.

A) ensures the conduction of the signal from the neuron body B) ensures the conduction of the signal to the neuron body C) short and strongly branched D) long and not branched E) covered on the outside with a myelin sheath

Answer

21122

Match the characteristics and types of human tissue shown in the figure. Write numbers 1-4 in the correct order.

A) consists of multinucleated cells B) has excitability and conductivity C) cells fit tightly to each other D) contains elastic fibers E) the cell has a body and processes E) is capable of contractility

Answer

342143

Match the characteristics and types of human tissue shown in the figure. Write numbers 1-2 in the correct order.

A) ectodermal origin B) well-developed intercellular substance C) forms the nervous system D) forms the outer lining of arteries and veins E) the presence of collagen and elastin fibers E) basic properties: excitability and conductivity

Answer

212112

Analyze the table. For each lettered cell, select the appropriate term from the list provided.

1) protective 2) lymphatic vessels 3) alveolar vesicles 4) smooth muscle 5) intestinal peristalsis 6) arteries, veins, capillaries 7) striated connective muscle

Answer

761

© D.V. Pozdnyakov, 2009-2020

Excitable tissues and their basic properties

Excitable tissues are tissues that are capable of perceiving the action of a stimulus and responding to it by transitioning to a state of excitation

Excitable tissues include three types of tissues: nervous, muscle and glandular

Excitable tissues have a number of general and specific properties .

The general properties of excitable tissues are:

1. Irritability

2. Excitability

3. Conductivity

4. Memory

Irritability is a universal property of all living things and is the basis of the adaptive reactions of a living organism to the constantly changing conditions of the external and internal environment.

Excitability is a new, more advanced property of tissues, into which (in the process of evolution) irritability was transformed. Different tissues have different excitability: nervous > muscle > glandular

The measure of excitability is the threshold of irritation

The stimulus threshold is the minimum strength of the stimulus that can cause spreading excitation

Excitability and irritation threshold are inversely related (the > excitability, the < irritation threshold)

Excitability depends on:

1. Values ​​of resting potential

2. Level of critical depolarization

The resting potential is the potential difference between the inner and outer surfaces of the membrane at rest

The level of critical depolarization is the value of the membrane potential that must be achieved for the excitation to have a spreading character

The difference between the values ​​of the resting potential and the level of critical depolarization determines the depolarization threshold (the < depolarization threshold, the > excitability)

Conductivity is determined:

1. Tissue structure

2. Functional features of the fabric

3. Excitability

Determined by genetic program

Allows you to respond to the action of individual stimuli that are significant for the body in advance

Particular properties of excitable tissues include:

1. Contractility

2. Secretory activity

3. Automation

Depends on the type of muscle tissue

Neuron terminals secrete transmitters

Glandular cells excrete sweat, saliva, gastric and intestinal juice, bile, and also increte hormones and biologically active substances

Characteristic of cardiac muscle, smooth muscle, individual nerve cells of the central nervous system

Excitable tissues are characterized by 2 types of functional activity

Physiological rest is a state without manifestations of specific activity (in the absence of stimulus action)

Excitation is an active state, which is manifested by structural and physico-chemical changes (a specific form of response in response to the action of a stimulus or an incoming nerve impulse)

Various types of functional activity are determined by the structure, properties and state of plasma membranes