Goosebumps on the body, skin: why do goosebumps run, when is this the norm, when is it a pathology?

Types and mechanism of “goosebumps”

The sensation of tingling and crawling is medically called “paresthesia.” They appear in response to irritation of nerve endings, the brain or spinal cord. The nature of this phenomenon is as follows: the sensitive nerve ending receives several different unrelated signals at once, layering on top of each other. As a result, the nerve does not know how to react correctly to this variety, and “turns on” numbness, burning, “pins and needles” or tingling.

Paresthesia is usually felt below the irritated area of ​​the nerve. They may be accompanied by “goose bumps” - “pimples” in the area of ​​hair growth, which is an analogue of the puffiness of fur or quills in animals.

Paresthesias can be:

1. temporary, occurring when sitting in an uncomfortable position, freezing, sexual arousal, a feeling of euphoria from listening to music or when negative emotions appear. They are usually described as “pins and needles on your legs” and go away when the irritating factor stops. Not accompanied by cramps, pain or sensory disturbances;
2. chronic, recurring. They are signs of the disease, and can be accompanied by two types of symptoms:
   indicating damage to the nerve fiber. These are: numbness in the limbs or only in the fingers, tingling sensation, goosebumps. Sometimes local twitching (convulsions) develops here;
3. indicating damage to those nerves that are connected to the vessels of this area. This is evidenced by: pale skin, deterioration of temperature and pain sensitivity, cool temperature, hair loss.

Transient (temporary) paresthesia is a variant of the norm and does not require medical intervention. If “goosebumps” run without any visible effect on the skin, you definitely need to look for their cause and eliminate it.

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If you have goosebumps:

• run around the local area, especially in the limbs,
• this is not accompanied by disturbances of consciousness, vision, breathing, swallowing,
• does not rise to the respiratory tract,

it can be any of the neuropathies of numerous nerves. This diagnosis is made by a neurologist based on a routine examination of the patient. We will not list all the diagnoses in the table, especially since their treatment is the same.

The following important information regarding paresthesia should also be noted:

1. the lower (closer to the toes) the area where the goose bumps are located, the closer to the tailbone the pathology is located;
2. a large area of ​​goosebumps running from a large (hip or shoulder) joint to the fingers indicates a pathology of the spine, while the reverse movement (from the fingers upward) indicates nerve damage;
3. if sensitivity is impaired, pain appears and goosebumps appear in a small area between the hand (foot) and shoulder (thigh), most likely a small nerve fiber is damaged (compressed);
4. pain that occurs along with goosebumps
5. Goosebumps and sensory disturbances are especially dangerous in patients with diabetes, as well as after an intestinal or cold illness;
6. anxiety and an urgent visit to a neurologist should be caused by conditions when, along with goosebumps, it is discovered that the affected area does not distinguish what kind of - sharp or blunt - object has touched it, and also does not distinguish between hot and cold water;
7. You need to visit a neurologist or vascular surgeon if the skin where the goosebumps run has turned pale, cold, and has little pale hair growing on it.

The state of the body that imitates “goosebumps” is characterized by a change in the sensitivity of the skin receptors located along the peripheral nerves. The reasons for their appearance imply the presence of disturbances in the nerve fibers.

Unusual sensations occur in the part of the body from which signals about nerve damage come. Moreover, the human brain immediately receives from the skin several unrelated impulses that compete with each other: extinguishing or, on the contrary, exciting one another.

Goosebumps

Diabetes

Iron deficiency

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IMPORTANT!

The information in this section cannot be used for self-diagnosis and self-treatment.
In case of pain or other exacerbation of the disease, diagnostic tests should be prescribed only by the attending physician. To make a diagnosis and properly prescribe treatment, you should contact your doctor. The feeling of crawling on the skin: causes of occurrence, what diseases it occurs with, diagnosis and methods of treatment.

The human nervous system, with the help of reflex impulses, influences organs and tissues, helping the body adapt to changing environmental conditions. A reflex is understood as a response mediated by the nervous system to any stimulus (external or internal).

Throughout life, a person acquires some reflexes and loses others. However, there is a group of reflexes with which we are born and live. These include the so-called goosebumps, or pilomotor reflex.

The pilomotor reflex is an involuntary contraction of the smooth muscle structures at the base of the hair follicle, as a result of which the hairs rise to cover the surface of the skin.

Evolutionarily in animals, this reflex contributes to at least two things. Firstly, creating an additional air layer between the animal’s skin and the environment, which makes it possible to retain heat and protect against hypothermia. Secondly, with the help of the pilomotor reflex, the animal takes on a more intimidating appearance, which helps in intimidating enemies.

In humans, the pilomotor reflex has lost its former significance. However, goosebumps, or goosebumps as they are also called, have occurred to everyone more than once. The feeling of goose bumps on the skin is a type of paresthesia.

Paresthesia is understood as an unusual, pretentious feeling created by tactile receptors in the absence of their actual irritation. Other types of paresthesia include an unexplained feeling of tingling, burning, etc.

Types of goosebumps
The feeling of goosebumps on the skin can cover the entire surface of the body or occur only in a certain area, i.e. be localized. In some cases, it may be transitory, situationally determined and therefore not bring much discomfort. In others, paresthesias are long-lasting and persistent, then they can reduce the quality of life and become a cause for concern and see a doctor.

Possible causes of goosebumps

The occurrence of goosebumps is based on a reflex response of the nervous system. The reflex can be triggered both by stimulation of receptors - peripheral nerve endings (for example, cold receptors under the influence of cold air or cold water), and by stimulation of structures located in the central nervous system, for example in the brain.

This is typical for the appearance of goosebumps on the skin when a feeling of aesthetic or other pleasure or fear arises.

With inadequate stimulation of certain nervous structures, a person also develops piloerection (raising of hairs), which is characteristic of various diseases accompanied by damage to the nervous system. Peripheral nerves are most often affected, and, as a rule, the pathological process spreads from the smallest branches of nerves upward, capturing larger and larger nerve structures. Therefore, the appearance of paresthesia may be the first symptom of the disease.

What diseases can cause the feeling of crawling on the skin?

First of all, it is worth highlighting a group of diseases accompanied by primary damage to nerve fibers (neuropathy). These include:

• diabetic polyneuropathy
  , which occurs with an uncontrolled persistent rise in blood glucose levels;
• polyneuropathy
  caused by a lack of vitamins and nutrients in the body, for example iron, vitamins B, C;
• toxic polyneuropathy
  , which occurs under the influence of toxins entering the body from the outside or being metabolic products;
• alcoholic polyneuropathy
  - damage to peripheral nerves by metabolic products of ethyl alcohol, is a special case of toxic neuropathy;
• autoimmune diseases
  , accompanied by nerve damage due to abnormal activation of immune system cells against the body's own tissues;
• demyelinating diseases
  , for example, multiple sclerosis, characterized by the destruction of nerve sheaths;
• post-traumatic neuropathy
  , which occurs due to mechanical effects on nerve fibers;
• neuropathy associated with degenerative changes in the spine
  , leading to compression of the nerves and disruption of their functioning;
• hereditary degenerative diseases
  of the nervous system, for example, Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease, one of the symptoms of which is various paresthesias.

The cause of the unpleasant sensation in the form of goosebumps crawling on the skin may be a pathological focus in the brain
(gliosis, tumors, etc.).

A range of mental illnesses

One of its symptoms is the appearance of paresthesia.

In patients with epilepsy

Paresthesias often appear as part of the “aura”, i.e. subjective sensations foreshadowing the imminent development of an epileptic attack.

Other reasons for the appearance of goosebumps include, for example, poor circulation

in one or another part of the body, leading to oxygen starvation of tissues.
Which doctors should you contact if you experience a crawling sensation?
Traditionally, the diagnosis and treatment of paresthesia, a type of which is the feeling of crawling on the skin, is dealt with, because this phenomenon is directly related to the functioning of the nervous system. However, if the cause of nerve damage is a somatic disease, i.e. disease of internal organs, then in addition to a neurologist, such a patient is seen by a vascular surgeon and other specialists, depending on the underlying disease.

Diagnosis and examinations for goosebumps

The causes of paresthesia are extremely diverse, therefore, when you come to your appointment, you need to be prepared for the fact that the doctor will be interested in how long ago the crawling sensation appeared, changes in diet, lifestyle, taking medications and supplements, past infectious diseases, travel to other countries, and etc. After a comprehensive clinical study, the most likely cause of the feeling of crawling on the skin will be determined, and depending on it, the patient will be referred for additional laboratory and instrumental studies.

• General blood test with leukocyte formula to exclude anemia, infectious and inflammatory processes, etc.

Description of the phenomenon

• rapidly developing;
• the condition progresses slowly;
• long-term form;
• short-term appearance.

Doctors differentiate “goosebumps” in the area of ​​the trigeminal nerve separately.

Goosebumps appear when nerve endings in the spinal cord or brain are irritated. The reason is the stimulation of individual nerves, which has such an effect on their endings. The irritation causes muscle contraction, causing a sensation as if the hair on the head has risen, and tiny bugs have begun to run across the skin itself. This phenomenon can affect not only the head, but also any other part of the body where there is at least a little hair.

Goosebumps can be one-time (temporary). In this case, they appear for completely natural reasons in a healthy person. Sometimes they can be combined with seizures, loss of sensation, dizziness, but no medical intervention or medication is required. Goosebumps appear for the following reasons:

• Emotional arousal (joy, surprise, fear);
• Touching sensitive skin;
• Low air temperature, hypothermia;
• High body temperature;
• Poor health (weakness, fatigue, headache).

When such sensations appear under the conditions listed above, there is no need to worry. After some time, the goosebumps will disappear on their own, and not a trace will remain of the unpleasant feelings.

Goosebumps on the face and hands

Temporary paresthesia without other signs is not abnormal and does not require intervention. However, if the condition becomes chronic, then you need to contact specialists for help.

Migraine

The characteristic features of migraine are:

• intense, throbbing pain that focuses on one side of the head;

• nausea, vomiting;
• acute reaction to smells and sounds.

Preceding an attack:

• lethargy;
• irritability;
• “goosebumps” on the leg or arm;
• numbness;
• speech is confused or there is no understanding;
• hallucinations.

This period takes from 30 to 60 minutes, then pain and other symptoms occur. The attacks are relieved with the help of triptans. A neurologist treats the pathology.

Tumors inside the skull can be benign or malignant (accounting for 1.5%).

There are a number of general brain symptoms that can be used to judge the presence of problems in the frontal lobe:

• pain;
• nausea and vomiting;
• dizziness;
• optic nerve disorder;
• psychical deviations;
• epileptic seizures;
• disturbance of sensitivity (“goosebumps”, numbness);
• speech and communication disorders;
• hallucinations;
• changes in a person’s behavior and character;
• weakness in the legs.

Treatment of pathology is carried out with the appointment of surgical intervention or intensive care. Neurosurgeons treat the disease.

If goosebumps crawl on the skin of your face and hands, this may be one of the following pathologies.

Migraine

At first, goosebumps appear on the face (especially around the mouth) and hands, then a headache develops mainly in one half of the head. In this case, paresthesia should be regarded as a migraine aura - a condition that precedes an attack of pain.

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Migraine

Diagnostics

A neurologist will determine the cause of tingling in the hands. During the initial examination, the patient is asked to perform simple tests (clench the hand into a fist, rotate the thumbs), during which it is easy to detect motor problems and innervation disorders. If neuropathy of the radial or median nerve is suspected, Tinnel's sign is checked. For further examination, the following instrumental methods are used:

• Electroneuromyography.
  A comprehensive study of neuromuscular transmission is necessary to identify problems with peripheral nerves and to know the location of the lesion. ENMG helps determine the severity and extent of the process. The technique is effective for the differential diagnosis of neuromuscular and vascular pathologies.
• Radiography.
  X-ray imaging of the bones of the shoulder, forearm, and hand makes it easier to identify the location of nerve damage. In the pictures you can see bone deformations, degenerative changes or narrowing of bone canals, which could cause tingling and paresthesia in the hands.
• Angiography.
  Examination of the peripheral vascular bed using contrast is necessary to verify Raynaud's syndrome. The doctor pays attention to the unevenness of the lumen of the vessels, the absence of collateral branches and a decrease in the number of capillaries. Additionally, capillaroscopy of the nail bed is indicated.
• MRI of the spine.
  This is the most accurate method that allows neurologists to diagnose herniated discs. MRI shows not only the presence of a hernial protrusion, but also its size and the degree of compression of the spinal cord. The study is informative for excluding tumors, hematomas and other space-occupying neoplasms.
• Additional methods
  . To clarify the degree of spinal compression in intervertebral hernias, computed tomography with myelography is used. Peripheral microcirculation is assessed using Doppler flowmetry. Gastroscopy, gastric intubation, and blood tests help identify the causes of B12 deficiency.

Electromyography

When should you contact a specialist?

Urgent medical attention may be needed if the following factors are present:

• Attacks of numbness are often repeated.

• 
  Body temperature has increased.

• There is an acute headache.
• There is a lack of coordination of movements and dizziness.
• Loss of hearing or vision.
• Blood pressure surges.
• Numbness of the tip of the tongue, lips and fingers.
• The duration of this skin condition can be up to two hours or more.

If you have such symptoms, you cannot hesitate. Stroke most often manifests itself exactly like this. Emergency medical care can save a person's life.

Treatment is prescribed after a complete examination. Based on the tests received and the results of the study, the doctor can make a diagnosis, talk about the progress of treatment and offer options for combating the disease.

First aid

If your head is numb not because of a disease, but only because of an external factor, then getting rid of these sensations will not be difficult. You just need to change your position and calm down.

If the provoking factor is cold, you should dress warmly, and you can also apply an alcohol compress. But just don't overdo it. If the sensitivity of the skin is reduced, careless actions can cause a burn. The first aid is to try to improve blood circulation. This must be done both at the location of the numbness and in an attempt to improve blood circulation throughout the body.

1. It is necessary to massage the entire scalp, especially the area with reduced sensitivity.
2. Drink hot tea with ginger.
3. Take a comfortable, relaxed position.
4. Calm down and relieve anxiety with the help of calm music, good thoughts, meditation.

Treatment

There are a number of physiological manifestations of “pins and needles” on the legs that do not require intervention; they are summarized in the table.

Disorders in the lumbosacral plexus usually appear with penetrating wounds of the peritoneum, and paresthesia is observed. Treatment is aimed at relieving the cause of the pathology.

Varicose veins

Paresthesia refers to non-obvious symptoms of varicose veins, which include:

• itchy sensations in the knees and ankles;

• cramps in the calf muscles;
• change in skin color;
• increased pain in the legs after immobility;
• numbness of the feet;
• swelling.

Treatment of the disease depends on its stage: in the initial period, conservative methods are used, in an advanced state - surgical intervention.

A condition characterized by discomfort in the lower extremities, especially during sleep and rest, is called restless legs syndrome. It provokes sleep disorders. Features of the disease include itchy sensations in the knees, goosebumps, swelling or squeezing in the legs. Treatment is aimed at correcting the underlying disease.

Tunnel syndrome, which affects the median femoral nerve, appears with a sedentary lifestyle.

Symptoms observed:

• burning in the thighs;
• decreased sensitivity, numbness;
• pain under the skin;
• pale and dry skin;
• varicose veins;
• trophic ulcers.

At the primary stage of the disease, conservative therapy is carried out, in the later stages - surgical intervention.

The collection of cerebrospinal fluid is a lumbar puncture - this is a neurological research method, after which the following may be observed:

• headache;
• spinal cord injuries;
• paresthesia.

The phenomenon does not require treatment and goes away on its own.

Any interventions can lead to disruption of the spinal circulation, which can lead to loss of sensitivity, paresis, urination and defecation disorders.

After surgery, it is necessary to undergo a rehabilitation program.

A pinched femoral nerve is indicated by:

• sharp pain in the pelvic area, which radiates to the lower back;
• loss of leg functionality;
• muscle weakness;
• "goosebumps" on the leg.

With the help of conservative treatment based on steroids and vitamin complexes, it is possible to relieve neuropathy.

The longest branch of the femoral nerve, as a result of compression, can cause:

• pain on the outer surface of the thigh and lower leg;
• walking impairment or knee dysfunction;
• "goosebumps" and loss of sensitivity.

Therapy includes medications, exercise, and physical therapy.

Rabies

A viral disease that causes mortality in 90% of cases, resulting from animal bites, has the properties:

• increased body temperature;

• soreness at the site of the bite;
• paresthesia (burning at the wound site).

First aid consists of washing the wound with antiseptics and vaccination.

Treatment options depend on what is causing the problem. If the doctor has made a diagnosis, then you should take a course of the medications that he prescribes. Only getting rid of the root cause will allow you to forget about unpleasant symptoms forever. The treatment itself includes two methods of influencing the body: medicinal and folk. They can be used simultaneously if there are no contraindications.

Only the attending physician can prescribe medications. It is highly not recommended to purchase and take medications on your own, because... This can cause irreparable harm to your health.

Your doctor may prescribe the following types of medications:

1. Sedatives (Glycine, Motherwort, Valerian). Calms the nervous system.
2. Antihypoxants (Mexidol, Preductal). Reduce the risk of developing hypoxia.
3. Vasodilators (Cavinton, Nicergoline). Improves blood circulation.
4. Angioprotectors (Ginkgo-Biloba, Ascorutin). Tones the veins and blood vessels in the head.
5. Preparations with vitamin B (Thiamin, Pyridoxine). Improves the quality of nerve tissue.

You can only take mild sedatives (Valerian, Glycine) and painkillers (Nurofen, Paracetamol) on your own. However, it is important to consider the dosage and also try to see a doctor as soon as possible.

You can also be treated with non-drug means. Some patients are prescribed massage, magnetotherapy, peloid therapy, therapeutic exercises, and electric shock. Also, to increase effectiveness, you may need to adhere to a daily routine, quality sleep and a light diet.

Traditional methods

You can cope with goosebumps at home using traditional methods. They will improve the general condition of the body, after which all unpleasant symptoms will disappear. To do this you will need to use the following recipes:

1. Parsley root, flax seeds, pumpkin leg, lilac and chicory flowers, horseradish, dandelion, watermelon rinds - take 2 tbsp. l. and pour 300 ml of boiling water. Let it brew. Take 50 ml every morning and evening.
2. Nettle leaves, lingonberries, clover, dill, mint, echinacea - mix all ingredients 2 tbsp. l. and pour 500 ml of boiling water for half an hour. Take 50 ml at night.

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It is important to drink the first tincture first, and only then the second. Additionally, you can drink tea with mint or lavender, because... they have a relaxing effect.

This symptom is accompanied by many diseases. Let's consider the main ones in more detail.

Hypovitaminosis B1

Vitamin B1 is needed for the normal functioning of the nervous system. It is involved in the production of acetylcholine - a substance that allows a nerve impulse to reach the muscle, intestines, sweat gland, heart - and transmit its command to it. Its insufficient intake from food or acceleration of its breakdown leads to:

• feeling of pins and needles on the legs and arms;
• irritability;
• headache;
• memory impairment;
• constipation;
• increased heart rate;
• pain in the heart;
• swelling;
• shortness of breath;
• sometimes even paralysis and cardiovascular failure.

Such symptoms require prompt diagnosis and treatment: administration of synthetic vitamin thiamine and diet correction.

Hypoparathyroidism

This is a reduced function of the parathyroid glands, in which the level of calcium in the blood decreases. It manifests itself not only as goose bumps in the limbs, but also:

• painful contractions of the muscles of the limbs, body and face: the arm is brought towards the body, it is “bent” at the wrist and elbow joints, the corners of the mouth are lowered, the eyelids are lowered by half, the body is arched back;
• swallowing is paroxysmally impaired;
• there is a stabbing pain in the abdomen;
• there may be vomiting, diarrhea;
• fainting occurs;
• twilight vision is impaired;
• "pawns ears;
• there are pains and interruptions in the heart;
• hair becomes thinner, the number of hair shafts falling out increases;
• the skin is peeling;
• a large number of teeth are affected by caries;
• nails become dull;
• With prolonged absence of therapy, cataracts develop.

Here the same symptoms develop as with hypoparathyroidism, but they are not as pronounced and occur more easily. Often, the pathology is manifested only by painful spasms of the muscles of the limbs and face, which immediately follow goosebumps, increased heart rate, trembling and recurrent vomiting. With an extremely low level of this electrolyte in the blood, difficulty breathing may develop until it stops, and painful arching of the entire body.

This condition manifests itself:

• weakness;
• lack of appetite;
• nausea, vomiting;
• trembling of the body or individual muscles;
• Convulsions may occur in which the entire body contracts or arches. This is most common in children.

The appearance of goose bumps can be caused by taking drugs such as: Ofloxacin, Protionamide, Isonazid, Cycloserine, drugs against epilepsy and blood pressure lowering drugs.

Arrhythmias

In the case of the development of attack-like (paroxysmal) rhythm disturbances, a person may notice:

• “goosebumps” running over the body;
• chills at normal body temperature.

This state lasts from ten minutes or more; most often develops at night.

Brain stroke

Paralysis or partial immobility of the limbs on one side may be preceded by a feeling of numbness and crawling, sometimes on the opposite side. There is also a headache, there may be short- or long-term loss of consciousness, focal symptoms are observed: facial asymmetry, different widths of the palpebral fissures, inability to speak or understand speech.

A tumor or encephalitis that develops in the lobe responsible for sensitivity is accompanied by other symptoms: the inability to perform complex actions, failure to recognize objects if you close your eyes and feel them with your hands, loss of the ability to write. There may also be loss of half of the visual field and loss of awareness of one's own body diagram.

This condition occurs after a viral infection (mainly colds and herpes), or intestinal infection caused by the Campylobacter bacterium or enteroviruses.

Here, in the period from 5 to 21 days after the illness, antibodies are formed to certain areas of the spinal nerve roots. This is manifested by the appearance of pins and needles on the legs, the range of movements gradually decreases, and sensitivity is impaired. The process may appear immediately on your hands.

Head injury

A brain contusion can lead to the appearance of pins and needles on both one and two sides. After this, loss of sensation may develop.

Shingles

The disease is caused by the same virus as chickenpox; occurs in those who have already had it. It manifests itself as the appearance of goosebumps in the projection of any nerve, but more often - one of the intercostal nerves. Goosebumps precede the appearance of redness here, on which bubbles with transparent contents soon appear. The affected area burns and hurts.

Multiple sclerosis

Symptom: “crawling” sensation on the scalp, neck, fingers

Symptoms of diseases of the spine and joints
An extremely unpleasant sensation of “crawling goosebumps” on the skin of the head, neck, fingers may be one of the symptoms of diseases such as neurosis, tetany, angiotrophoneurosis, carpal tunnel syndrome, acromegaly, anterior scalene muscle syndrome, cervical osteochondrosis with reflex tension of the pectoralis minor muscle, glenohumeral periarthrosis, acroparesthesia syndrome. If these sensations especially often occur after a long stay in a certain position, for example, after sleeping, lying on your side, then this is due to the development of vascular insufficiency of the brain, spinal cord and its roots associated with diseases of the spine. Patients complain not only of “crawling” sensations and tingling sensations on the scalp, neck, and fingers, but also of numbness in the hand and forearm. Their condition worsens with overheating, hypothermia, unfavorable meteorological conditions, physical overload and physical inactivity. To establish the true cause of these symptoms, you should consult a neurologist. Particularly experienced and competent specialists who can quickly and accurately establish a diagnosis and prescribe the most effective treatment can be found in the Healthy Spine Clinic. During the initial examination, the doctor will establish a preliminary diagnosis and prescribe examinations, after receiving the results of which he will offer an individual treatment program, which includes all the techniques necessary for a complete recovery. Please note that the Clinic for a Healthy Spine and Joints prefers to use exclusively conservative treatment methods. These are various types of massage, muscle relaxation traction therapy, physiotherapy, electrophoresis, thermo-galvanic mud therapy, hirudotherapy, therapeutic exercises, as well as other restorative circulatory processes and restorative procedures in combination with drug treatment. Very often, patients scrupulously follow all instructions regarding various procedures and medications, but underestimate the role of physical therapy or avoid it for fear of increased pain. But in fact, a set of exercises developed at the Clinic for a Healthy Spine and Joints can significantly relieve intervertebral discs, relieve muscle spasms, ensure intense blood flow to the site of inflammation and increase the overall tone of the autonomic nervous system. It is muscle weakness that leads to most spinal pathologies. Therefore, with the right approach to physical education, you can overcome most diseases of the spine and internal organs, including chronic ones. By receiving normal blood supply, the body will begin to heal at the cellular level, and you will very soon feel the positive results of working on yourself under the guidance of experienced specialists at the Clinic for a Healthy Spine and Joints.

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