Throughout life, a person needs to adapt to new conditions. Types of adaptation are divided into biological, sociological and psychological. Adaptive abilities are constantly in demand. Since it is often necessary to make new decisions, move to different communities and organizations where it is necessary to maintain established routines. Biological changes take place accordingly. However, this process sometimes takes entire generations for part of the population to adapt to specific conditions.
In psychology there is the concept of an adaptation barrier. It denotes a kind of boundary, beyond which the individual’s adaptation to changes will no longer remain normal.
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The properties of this barrier largely depend on the person himself, his biological parameters and characteristics, constitutional typology of personality, various social factors, personal properties, type of self-esteem, will or value system. They also determine a person’s adaptive capabilities.
Types of adaptation and their characteristics
A person must adapt constantly. The baby needs to get used to the features of the environment and undergo physical adaptation, learning to crawl, walk, interact with objects and speak. At an older age, it is necessary to adapt to society.
It is especially important for a child to acquire his first social skills at school. In preschool age, he gains disciplinary experience, learns new rules of behavior, and learns to bear responsibility for the quality of the work performed. Throughout life, a person constantly becomes part of something new, repeating the processes of various types of adaptation again and again. The ability to adapt socially gives a person the opportunity to acquire new knowledge. He begins to interact with other people.
Human adaptation is referred to as “learning.” It has several components:
- reactive - a person reacts to external factors, gets used to something;
- Operant is a method of trial and error, observation and formation of reactions, or processes of slow adaptation to the conditions of the surrounding world;
- cognitive - refers to the observation of connections between situations and their assessment based on previous experience.
That is why organizations often have a special person whose task is to adapt newly hired employees. This is due to the fact that all organizations have their own tasks, goals and deadlines that must be completed by the hands of valuable employees. This is complicated by the fact that they may leave their post. Therefore, the hired person must be quickly brought up to date. Tell him about the basic rules and specifics of the organization. All this allows you to speed up the process of adaptation to a new workplace.
How to write a term paper on speech therapy
07.09.2010 228861
These guidelines are compiled to help students gain an understanding of the content and structure of coursework in speech therapy.
Logopedia of pedagogical science that studies anomalies of speech development with normal hearing, explores the manifestations, nature and mechanisms of speech disorders, develops the scientific basis for overcoming and preventing them means of special training and education.
The subject of speech therapy as a science is speech disorders and the process of training and education of persons with speech disorders.
The object of study is a person suffering from a speech disorder.
The main task of speech therapy as a science is the study, prevention and elimination of various types of speech disorders.
Coursework in speech therapy is a student's scientific and experimental research. This type of educational activity, provided for by the educational and professional program and curriculum, contributes to the acquisition of skills in working with literature, analyzing and summarizing literary sources in order to determine the range of insufficiently studied problems, determining the content and methods of experimental research, processing skills and qualitative analysis of the results obtained. The need to complete coursework in speech therapy is due to the updating of knowledge concerning the content, organization, principles, methods and techniques of speech therapy work.
As a rule, during their studies, students must write two term papers - theoretical and practical.
The first course work should be devoted to the analysis and synthesis of general and specialized literature on the chosen topic. Based on this analysis, it is necessary to justify and develop a method of ascertaining (diagnostic) experiment.
In the second course work, it is necessary to provide an analysis of the results obtained during the ascertaining experiment, as well as determine the directions and content of speech therapy work, and select adequate methods and techniques of correction.
So, let’s present the general requirements for the content and design of coursework in speech therapy.
The initial and most important stage of working on a course project is the choice of a topic, which is either proposed by the supervisor or chosen by the student independently from a list of topics that are consistent with the areas of scientific research of the department.
Each topic can be modified, considered in different aspects, but taking into account a theoretical and practical approach. Having chosen a topic, the student needs to think through in detail its specific content, areas of work, practical material, etc., which should be reflected both in the formulation of the topic and in the further construction of the study. It should be recalled that the chosen topic may not only have a purely theoretical orientation, for example: “Dysarthria. Characteristics of the defect”, “Classification of dysgraphia”, but also take into account the practical significance of the problem under consideration, for example: “Speech therapy work on speech correction for dysarthria”. It should also be taken into account that when formulating a topic, excessive detail should be avoided, for example: “Formation of prosodic components of speech in preschoolers of the sixth year of life attending a preschool institution for children with severe speech impairments.”
The course work includes such mandatory parts as: introduction, three chapters, conclusion, bibliography and appendix.
The text of the term paper begins with the title page . An example of its design can be seen here.
Then the content of the work is given, in which the names of chapters, paragraphs, and sections are formulated in strict accordance with the content of the thesis. An example of its design can be seen here.
In the text, each subsequent chapter and paragraph begins on a new page. At the end of each chapter, the materials are summarized and conclusions are formulated.
The introduction reveals the relevance of the problem under consideration in general and the topic being studied in particular; the problem, subject, object, and purpose of the study are defined. In accordance with the goal and hypothesis, objectives and a set of research methods aimed at achieving the objectives must be defined.
The relevance of the topic lies in reflecting the current level of pedagogical science and practice, meeting the requirements of novelty and usefulness.
When defining the research problem, it is important to indicate what practical tasks it will help to implement in training and educating people with speech pathology.
The object of research is understood as certain aspects of pedagogical reality, perceived through a system of theoretical and practical knowledge. The ultimate goal of any research is to improve this object.
The subject of research is some part, property, element of an object, i.e. the subject of research always indicates a specific aspect of the object that is to be studied and about which the researcher wants to gain new knowledge. An object is a part of an object.
You can give an example of the formulation of the object, subject and problem of research:
– The object of the study is the speech activity of preschool children with phonetic-phonemic speech disorders.
– The subject of the study is the features of intonation speech of children with phonetic-phonemic speech disorders.
– The research problem is to determine effective directions for speech therapy work on the formation of intonation expressiveness of speech in the system of correctional intervention.
The purpose of the study contributes to the specification of the object being studied. The goal of any research is to solve a specific problem. The goal is specified in tasks taking into account the subject of research.
The research objectives are formulated in a certain sequence, which determines the logic of the research. The research objectives are set on the basis of a theoretical analysis of the problem and an assessment of the state of its solution in practice.
The first chapter is an analysis of literary sources, which examines the state of this problem in historical and modern aspects, and presents the most important theoretical principles that formed the basis of the study.
When writing the first chapter, you should pay attention to the fact that the text of the course work must be written in a scientific style. When presenting scientific material, it is necessary to comply with the following requirements:
– Specificity – a review of only those sources that are necessary to disclose only a given topic or solve only a given problem;
– Clarity – which is characterized by semantic coherence and integrity of individual parts of the text;
– Logicality – which provides for a certain structure of presentation of the material;
– Reasoning – evidence of thoughts (why this and not otherwise);
– Precision of wording, excluding ambiguous interpretation of the authors’ statements.
A literary review of the state of the problem being studied should not be reduced to a consistent presentation of literary sources. It should present a generalized description of the literature: highlight the main directions (currents, concepts, points of view), analyze in detail and evaluate the most fundamental works of representatives of these directions.
When writing a work, the student must correctly use literary materials, make references to the authors and sources from which the results of scientific research are borrowed. Failure to provide required references will reduce your coursework grade.
As a rule, in coursework on speech therapy, references to literary sources are formatted as follows: the number of the cited source in the general list of references is placed in square brackets. For example: General speech underdevelopment is a speech pathology in which there is a persistent lag in the formation of all components of the language system: phonetics, vocabulary and grammar [17].
When using quotations, in square brackets, in addition to indicating the source number, the page number from which this excerpt is taken is indicated, for example: Speech rhythm is based on a physiological and intellectual basis, since, firstly, it is directly related to the rhythm of breathing. Secondly, being an element that performs a communicative function, “correlates with meaning, i.e. controlled intellectually” [23, P.40].
However, course work should not be of a purely abstract nature, so you should not abuse the unreasonable abundance of citations. Quoting should be logically justified, convincing and used only when really necessary.
In the second chapter , devoted to experimental research, the organization should be described and the program of the ascertaining experiment should be presented. The survey methodology, as a rule, consists of a description of several series of tasks, with detailed instructions, visual and lexical material, the procedure for completing tasks by experiment participants, and scoring criteria. This chapter also provides a qualitative and quantitative analysis of the results obtained.
When analyzing the results of an experiment, it is necessary to use a scoring system. Examples of various criteria for quantitative and qualitative assessment are presented in the following works:
– Glukhov V.P. Formation of coherent speech in preschool children with general speech underdevelopment. - M.: Arkti, 2002. - 144 p.
– Fotekova T.A. Test methodology for diagnosing oral speech of primary schoolchildren. - M.: Arkti, 2000. - 56 p.
– Levchenko I.Yu. Pathopsychology: Theory and practice. - M.: Academy, 2000. - 232 p.
In order to visually present the results obtained during the experimental study, it is recommended to use tables, graphs, diagrams, etc. Histograms can be used in a variety of ways - columnar, cylindrical, planar, volumetric, etc. An example of the design of tables, figures, and histograms can be found here.
The third chapter provides a rationale for the proposed methods and techniques and reveals the content of the main stages of correctional work.
The conclusion contains a summary of the material presented and the main conclusions formulated by the author.
The bibliography must contain at least 25 sources. The list includes bibliographic information about the sources used in preparing the work. An example of its design can be seen here.
In the application you can present bulky tables or illustrations, examination protocols, observation records, products of activity (drawings, written works of children), notes from speech therapy classes, etc.
The volume of one course work must be at least 30 pages of typewritten text.
In general, coursework in speech therapy is the basis for a future thesis, in which the study of the begun problem can be continued, but from the standpoint of a different approach or a comparative analysis of the disorders being studied in different age categories of people with different types of speech disorders.
The content and format of theses in speech therapy can be found here.
Literature:
1. How to write a term paper on speech therapy: Methodological recommendations. Educational and methodological manual / Comp. Artemova E.E., Tishina L.A. / Ed. Orlova O.S. – M.: MGOPU, 2008. – 35 p.
2. Research work of students in the system of higher professional pedagogical education (specialty 031800 - Speech therapy). Methodological recommendations for completing the thesis / Compiled by. L.V. Lopatina, V.I. Lipakova, G.G. Golubeva. - St. Petersburg: Publishing house of the Russian State Pedagogical University named after. A. I. Herzen, 2002. - 140 p.
Adaptation in pedagogy
Trial and error is a major part of the adaptation process throughout the entire period of schooling. It is expressed in the selection of ways to solve a problem and weed out wrong solutions. An example is a process where, over the course of several years, a child needs to acquire various knowledge in order to subsequently use the information received in exams and move on to the next stage of education.
It is worth considering that this type of adaptation implies the ability to move from one area of activity to another. For example, from kindergarten to school, then to college and university. If a person does not meet the required behavioral characteristics, his adaptation is considered unsuccessful.
Adaptation
Adaptation is a process during which the functioning of a system is established or maintained (that is, maintaining its basic parameters) when conditions of the external and/or internal environment change. Often adaptation, or adaptability, is also called the result of such a process - the presence of a system’s adaptability to some environmental factor. The concept of adaptation refers primarily to highly organized (technical, biological, social and other) systems (see System). Initially, it was used in biological science in relation to biological (living) systems - to denote the process of adapting the structure and functions of organisms (populations, species) and their organs to certain environmental conditions.Adaptation at the level of biological structures, functions and behavioral decisions is one of the most striking manifestations of organic expediency. In biological systems, adaptation is formed throughout all stages of the organism's life cycle. The totality of adaptations developed during the development process gives living systems a purposeful organization. At the same time, adaptation is also a certain result of the adaptive process - adaptationogenesis, which occurs during the interaction of living systems with their environment. Adaptation at the level of biological structures, functions and behavioral decisions is one of the most striking manifestations of organic expediency. Its wide distribution and diversity in organic nature for a long time served as one of the main arguments of teleology, which considers the phenomenon of adaptation as the result of “creative acts” or the action of internal spiritual principles or a special “life force” (entelechy, psyche, archaea and others). The materialistic interpretation of the nature of adaptation was first proposed by Charles Darwin, who showed that adaptations arise as a result of the action of natural selection - the evolutionary process of survival and development of the most adapted individuals in the course of a constant struggle for existence.
Subsequently, the concept of adaptation went beyond biology. It began to be used in many technical, natural and human sciences. Thus, in medicine it is used to characterize the optimal functioning of a person. The concepts of adaptation and disaptation are widely used in psychology (for example, in the concept of J. Piaget) when analyzing the relationship of an individual (person) with the environment. Social sciences talk about the social adaptation of an individual or a social group to the social environment (microenvironment), during which relationships are established that ensure the development of both the individual and social group, and the environment (microenvironment). At the same time, social adaptation covers the biological, mental and social spheres of human existence. However, in general, in relation to man and society, the concept of adaptation has limited possibilities of application, since it reflects mainly reactive behavior associated with one or another adaptation of a person to the environment. With the advent of cybernetics, in which negative feedback is considered as an adaptation mechanism, ensuring the appropriate response of a complex hierarchical self-governing system to changing environmental conditions, the concept of adaptation has become widely used in technical sciences. However, when explaining complex technical systems, this concept also has limited capabilities, since it reflects mainly the reactive characteristics of such systems, excluding from consideration, for example, search activity.
The general scientific status of the concept of adaptation also presupposes the need for its definition in a broader meaning, invariant for specific scientific disciplines: adaptation is a special form of reflection by systems of the influences of the external and internal environment, consisting in the tendency to establish a dynamic balance with them. Such balance ensures a harmonious relationship between the system and its internal and external environment and the development of this system.
In organizations
In conditions of constant circulation of personnel, adaptation begins to become especially important. The main way to adapt to new conditions in this case is observation and reasoning. This means that a beginner will need to take a course of lectures and seminars in the chosen direction.
Adaptation also involves the work of special people. They should help the new employee through this process through both one-on-one conversations and all-hands meetings. The assignment of mentors is also practiced. On the practical side, they help bring a person up to date so that he can understand all the intricacies of the profession. In addition, getting to know the team is required. At the same time, it is possible to complete gradually more complex tasks, which should prepare the new employee for real work.
One of the most popular ways to adapt and unite a team is to hold meetings and trainings. Team members try on each other's roles, which allows for greater mutual understanding and increased work efficiency.
Does not apply to types of adaptation
adaptation cannot be attributed to the probationary period if a mentor was not assigned to the employee. After all, the person was not introduced to organizational affairs. Without clear examples and attention, he simply does not have enough time to adapt to new conditions.
Threats and coercion directed at new students or employees cannot be classified as types of adaptation.
Especially if they are used to indicate their own or someone else’s authority. This does not improve performance, but only worsens overall results.
